It presents with the classic triad of ipsilateral ptosis, pupillary miosis, and facial anhidrosis. Horner syndrome is a complication born from interruption of the sympathetic innervation to the eye and adnexa at varying levels, most commonly of the neck, resulting in increased parasympathetic input. The effects in which SNS acts in direct contrast to the PNS function include the following: The functions of the sympathetic nervous system are expansive and involve many organ systems and various types of adrenergic receptors. These receptors are located on various parts of the body and regulate the actions of the SNS. Whether beta-1 and beta-2 are excitatory or inhibitory depends on the tissue on which it is located. Among the adrenergic receptors are alpha-1 (coupled to a Gq and works through the IP3/Ca2+ pathway), alpha-2 (coupled to Gi and works through decreasing the cAMP pathway), and beta-1 and beta-2 (coupled to Gs and works through increasing the cAMP pathway). These neurotransmitters act on adrenergic receptors. These postganglionic neurons then travel to their effector sites and release the neurotransmitters epinephrine or norepinephrine, except for sympathetic innervation of sweat glands and the arrectores pili muscles, the small muscles attached to hair follicles, which use acetylcholine as their postganglionic neurotransmitter. This acetylcholine activates nicotinic receptors. Similar to the PNS, the neurotransmitter used at this junction is acetylcholine. As opposed to the parasympathetic nervous system, the first-order neurons of the SNS are short before synapsing on postsynaptic neurons found within sympathetic ganglia. The preganglionic neurons of the SNS arise from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord (T1 to L2) with the cell bodies distributed in four regions of the gray matter in the spinal cord bilaterally and symmetrically. immediately. You may send an email to for all DMCA / Removal Requests.The sympathetic nervous system is composed of many pathways that perform a variety of functions on various organ systems. If someone with copyrights wants us to remove this software/Book, please contact us. If you feel that we have violated your copyrights, then please contact us immediately.We’re sharing this with our audience ONLY for educational purpose and we highly encourage our visitors to purchase original licensed software/Books.
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